📘14 CFR §91.157 – Special VFR Weather Minimums

🚩 Overview

Special VFR clearances allow pilots to operate within controlled airspace under VFR conditions that are below standard VFR minimums. Pilots must obtain explicit authorization from ATC and comply with specific weather and operational limitations.

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✅ Key Operational Requirements

🌦 1. Weather Minimums for Special VFR

• Flight Visibility: At least 1 statute mile.

• Cloud Clearance: Must remain clear of clouds at all times.

📻 2. Authorization Required

• Must receive explicit ATC clearance to operate under Special VFR conditions within controlled airspace.

🌙 3. Night Operations Limitations

• To operate under Special VFR at night:

  • The pilot and aircraft must be IFR-equipped and IFR-rated.

  • The aircraft must meet IFR operational standards.

🛩 4. Controlled Airspace

• Special VFR operations apply primarily to Class B, C, D, and E surface-area airspaces.

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🛩️ Example Scenario

You're approaching a Class D airport, and weather conditions have deteriorated below standard VFR minimums (less than 3 miles visibility). Visibility is at least 1 statute mile, and you can remain clear of clouds. Contact the control tower and explicitly request a Special VFR clearance before entering the airspace. Remember, if it's nighttime, Special VFR requires both you and your aircraft to be IFR-capable.

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📌 CFI Pro Tips

• Decision-Making: Teach your students when Special VFR is appropriate—and when it’s safer to avoid flying altogether or wait until weather improves.

• Radio Clarity: Emphasize clear, concise communication with ATC when requesting and receiving Special VFR clearances.

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📚 Further Reading and Official References

• 14 CFR §91.157 (Full FAA Regulation): https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-F/part-91/subpart-B/section-91.157

• FAA Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) – Special VFR Operations: https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim_html/chap4_section_4.html